Critique of Religion God is Power: Summarize these two videos

 This Blogg task given by Dilip Bard sir. In critique of Religion|God is power summarize this two video Here👇

Video -1

In the video talk about In 1984 by George Orwell, the phrase "God is Power" appears during Winston Smith's interrogation at the hands of O'Brien in the Ministry of Love.

This moment is part of Winston's psychological and ideological breakdown,

where O'Brien, a member of the Party’s inner circle, tortures and brainwashes him into absolute submission to Big Brother.

"God is power "

During Winston's re-education, O'Brien forces him to abandon independent thought and accept the Party’s version of reality, no matter how contradictory or irrational.

O'Brien claims that truth is whatever the Party says it is, and power is the ultimate reality.

Winston initially resists but is broken through extreme psychological and physical torture.

At one point, under O’Brien’s manipulation, he writes "God is Power" signifying his forced acceptance of the Party’s doctrine.

Here, Orwell equates the Party’s totalitarian rule with divine authority omnipotent, inescapable, and unquestionable.

The phrase suggests that in 1984, God is not a benevolent, spiritual force but rather absolute, unchallengeable power wielded by the Party.

Video - 2

In talk about 1984 by George Orwell, there is no direct, in-depth critique of religion, as the novel primarily focuses on totalitarianism, surveillance, and thought control.

However, Orwell subtly critiques aspects of religious structures through the Party’s manipulation of truth, loyalty, and belief.

Religious Themes in 1984

1. Big Brother as a God-like Figure

Big Brother is omnipresent, omniscient, and demands absolute loyalty, much like a deity.

The Party enforces blind faith in him, similar to religious dogma.

2. Doublethink as Religious Dogma

The concept of doublethink, where contradictory beliefs must be accepted as true, mirrors religious faith in the face of contradictions.

3. The Party's Control Over Truth

The Party rewrites history and dictates reality, much like some religious institutions have shaped historical narratives to maintain power.

4. Rituals and Orthodoxy

Daily rituals like the Two Minutes Hate function similarly to religious ceremonies, reinforcing collective belief and devotion.

Orwell’s Critique

Although 1984 is not explicitly anti-religion, Orwell warns against systems (including religious ones) that demand absolute belief.

Flipped Learning Activity: Ralph Waldo Emerson and his works

 This Flipped activity given by Prakruti ma'am. In Ralph waldo Emerson and his work.

1. All four factors contribute to an individual’s identity, but their significance varies depending on perspective.

Here's how each one plays a role:

1. Speech :

How a person communicates, their vocabulary, tone, and topics of interest reveal their values, upbringing, and emotional state.

However, speech can also be deceptive, as people may say things that do not align with their true nature.

2.Behavior :

Actions often speak louder than words. A person's consistent behavior—how they treat others, react under stress, or show compassion—strongly reflects their character.

Behavior is a key indicator of identity because it is harder to fake over time.

3. Choices of Material Possessions :

What someone owns can hint at their priorities, tastes, and status.

However, possessions alone do not define identity; they can be misleading since people may acquire things for external validation rather than personal preference.

4. The Things They Hide from Everybody :

This might be the most revealing aspect of identity. People hide fears, regrets, desires, and vulnerabilities that define them at a deep level.

What someone chooses to conceal can reflect their insecurities, moral struggles, or aspirations.

Conclusions:

While all four factors contribute to identity, behavior and hidden aspects are the most defining.

Behavior shows a person’s external reality, while what they hide reveals their internal reality.

Speech and material possessions, though important, can be manipulated or misinterpreted.

2. Do you agree with Emerson's view that every individual is inherently good?

Ralph Waldo Emerson, as a transcendentalist, believed in the inherent goodness of individuals.

He argued that people are born with an innate moral compass and a connection to the divine, which guides them toward truth and virtue.

However, he also acknowledged that society and institutions often corrupt individuals, leading them away from their natural goodness.

While Emerson’s optimism about human nature is inspiring, it may not fully account for the complexity of human behavior.

Psychological and historical evidence suggests that people are capable of both great kindness and great cruelty, influenced by factors like upbringing, environment, and personal choices.

While many individuals strive toward goodness, moral development is not automatic; it requires conscious effort, education, and self-reflection.

So, while I appreciate Emerson’s perspective as an ideal to strive for, I think it is an oversimplification to say that every person is inherently good.

Instead, I would argue that people have the potential for goodness, but that potential must be nurtured and cultivated.

3. One of the most relatable lines from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay Self-Reliance is:

"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string."

This quote emphasizes the importance of self-confidence and trusting one's intuition.

In today's world, where social media and external validation often influence people’s decisions, Emerson’s message remains highly relevant.

Many individuals struggle with self-doubt and comparison, but his words remind us that true fulfillment comes from believing in ourselves and following our unique paths.

Long Day’s Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill

 This Blogg task given by Megha ma'am.Long day's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neil.

In play A powerful scene from Long Day’s Journey into Night is Act 3.

where Mary Tyrone, lost in her morphine-induced haze, reminisces about her past while Edmund and James.

Scene Selection: Act 3 – Mary’s Descent into Illusion

In this scene, Mary retreats deeper into her morphine-induced nostalgia, speaking about her youth, her love for James Sr., and her lost dreams of becoming a nun or a concert pianist.

Edmund, who is sick with tuberculosis, tries to connect with her, but she drifts away, blaming James Sr. for their troubled lives.

Meanwhile, James Sr. and Jamie drink heavily, lamenting their own failures.

The tension rises as Mary becomes more detached, and Edmund’s desperation to reach his mother is met with cold indifference.

YouTube video here 👇

Thank you!

Flipped Learning Activity on Existentialism: Ask Questions

 This Blogg task given by Dilip Bard sir.

 Flipped Learning Activity on Existentialist.

Video -1

What is Existentialist ?

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and responsibility in an indifferent or even absurd universe. It focuses on personal experience, subjective meaning, and the struggle to define one's own purpose in life.

Key existentialist thinkers include :

Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Søren Kierkegaard.

Some core ideas in existentialism include: in video there are some core ideas here 

• "Existence precedes essence":

– Humans are not born with a set purpose; they must create it.

• The Absurd :

The conflict between our desire for meaning and the universe’s indifference.

• Freedom & Responsibility :

With radical freedom comes the responsibility to make authentic choices.

• Anguish & Despair :

The anxiety of knowing that one's choices shape their existence.

Existentialism has influenced literature, psychology, and even politics, challenging individuals to live authentically and take responsibility for their actions.

Example of Extentialism 

Video -2

Albert ’ Camus The Myth of sisyphus begins with "The Absurd Reasoning," where he explores the feeling of the absurd.

Feeling of the Absurd 

Camus describes how people experience the absurd in moments of disconnection—when daily routines are disrupted, or when we suddenly realize the strangeness of existence.

The absurd is not something external but a realization that emerges from human consciousness when confronted with the world’s silence.

He uses the metaphor of a man looking at his reflection in a mirror and no longer recognizing himself, symbolizing the unsettling experience of self-awareness.

Video -3 

In talk about philosophical suside of notion . & Responds to Absurd. 

And Myth of sisyphus introduced 

In The Myth of Sisyphus, Albert Camus introduces the concept of philosophical suicide as a response to the absurd.

What is Philosophical Suicide?

Philosophical suicide happens when individuals, instead of confronting the absurd, seek comfort in irrational beliefs or absolute truths.

Camus criticizes thinkers like

Kierkegaard, Husserl, and existentialists who invoke faith or transcendence as solutions to the absurd.

He argues that these thinkers essentially "leap" into belief systems that deny the absurd rather than fully embracing it.

Why Does Camus Reject It?

Camus believes that to remain honest, one must not seek external justifications for life’s meaning.

Rather than resorting to philosophical suicide, Camus proposes revolt—a conscious choice to live despite knowing life has no ultimate meaning. This leads to the figure of Sisyphus, who endlessly pushes his rock uphill yet embraces his fate, finding freedom in the struggle itself.

Video - 4 

Dadaism, Nihilism, and Existentialism are three distinct but interrelated philosophical and artistic movements that arose in response to the uncertainty and disillusionment of the modern world.

Dadaism

• Origins :

Emerged during World War I (1916) as an avant-garde art movement.

Dadaism can be seen as a nihilistic response to the horrors of war, rejecting established cultural values and questioning the very idea of artistic meaning. However, it also contained an existentialist element by asserting creative freedom and rebellion against conformity.

Example

Duchamp’s Fountain (1917) a simple urinal displayed as art challenged the idea of artistic authority.

Nihilism :

The term gained prominence through Friedrich Nietzsche in the 19th century but has older philosophical roots.

While some nihilists fall into despair, others embrace active nihilism, which involves creating one's own values after deconstructing old ones.

Example

Nietzsche’s concept of the death of God—the idea that traditional religious and moral values are no longer credible.

Existentialism :

Developed in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to nihilism and the search for meaning.

Unlike nihilism, existentialism does not deny meaning but insists that meaning is not given; it must be created through choices and actions. It shares some rebellious elements with Dadaism but is more focused on individual freedom and responsibility.

Example

humans are not born with a purpose but must define themselves through their actions.

Video -5 

Existentialism is often perceived as a gloomy philosophy because it confronts difficult themes such as absurdity, isolation, anxiety, and the lack of inherent meaning in life.

Why Existentialism Feels Gloomy :

1. Life Has No Predefined Meaning :

Unlike religious or traditional worldviews that offer a clear purpose, existentialism asserts that life has no inherent meaning.

2. The Absurdity of Life :

Albert Camus emphasizes the absurd—the contradiction between humans seeking meaning and a universe that remains indifferent.

The myth of Sisyphus, endlessly pushing a rock up a hill, symbolizes this struggle.

3. Freedom Comes with Anxiety :

Jean-Paul Sartre argues that humans are "condemned to be free," meaning we are fully responsible for our choices.

4. Alienation and Loneliness :

Without an absolute truth or universal morality, individuals must navigate existence alone.

Why Existentialism Is Not Just Gloomy :

1. Freedom to Create Meaning

While life has no inherent meaning, existentialism encourages individuals to define their own purpose through actions and choices.

2. Authenticity and Personal Growth :

Living authentically means being true to oneself rather than conforming to societal expectations.

This leads to a more fulfilling and meaningful life.

3. Revolt Against Despair : 

Camus suggests that, instead of surrendering to nihilism, we should embrace life despite its absurdity.

Sisyphus is happy because he finds joy in the struggle itself.

4. Human Connection and Solidarity :

Though existentialism values individual freedom, it also recognizes the importance of relationships and shared experience.

Video - 6

In talk about Extentialism and Nihilism 

Existentialism and Nihilism are often confused because both deal with the absence of inherent meaning in life, but they are not the same.

While Nihilism embraces meaninglessness as a final state

Existentialism sees it as a starting point and argues that individuals must create

Video - 7

Introduction to Existentialism

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that explores human freedom, choice, and the search for meaning in an indifferent universe.

It emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries as a response to traditional philosophical and religious ideas that imposed predefined meaning on life.

Themes of Existentialism

1.Freedom and Responsibility

With freedom comes responsibility there are no excuses, and individuals must own their choices.

2. The Absurd :

The world is indifferent to human concerns, creating a conflict between our desire for meaning and the universe’s silence.

3. Authenticity :

To live authentically means acting in accordance with one’s own values, not societal expectations.

4. Anguish and Anxiety :

The realization of total freedom leads to existential angst or dread, as individuals recognize the weight of their choices.

5. Revolt Against Meaninglessness :

Camus, in The Myth of Sisyphus, argues that even in a meaningless world, one can find joy in the struggle itself.

Video -8

Existentialism is the idea that life doesn’t come with a preset meaning—you have to choose what to do with it.

You are free to build your own life, but that also means you have to take responsibility for your choices.

Now, Nietzsche was a philosopher who said, "A long time ago, people got their meaning from religion and old rules, but those don’t work for everyone anymore."

He called this the "death of God", meaning that traditional beliefs were no longer guiding people the way they used to.

Instead of feeling lost, he said people should create their own values—kind of like making your own rules for the game.

So existentialism and Nietzsche both say: Life doesn’t come with a rule book you get to decide what to do with it! But that also means you have to be brave and take charge of your choices.

Video -9

It sounds like you find existentialism meaningful! If you like existentialism, it might be because:

1. It Values Freedom:

Existentialism says you are in control of your life.

There’s no fixed destiny—you define yourself through your choices.

2. It Embraces Reality :

Instead of relying on external meanings (religion, society, tradition), existentialism encourages you to face life as it is and create meaning for yourself.

3. It Encourages Authenticity :

You don’t have to follow what others expect; you can be true to yourself. Sartre calls this living in "good faith", rather than pretending to be someone you’re not.

4. It Acknowledges Struggle :

Life can feel meaningless at times, but existentialism doesn’t run from that. Think of Camus’ Myth of Sisyphus even if life feels repetitive, you can still find joy in the struggle.

5. It Makes You Responsible :

Since there’s no preset meaning, your actions define who you are.

If existentialism resonates with you, you probably enjoy thinking deeply, questioning norms, and valuing personal freedom.

Video - 10

From Essentialism to Existentialism:

Everything has a predefined essence or purpose (e.g., a knife is made for cutting, a human has a specific purpose in life).

Rooted in Plato, Aristotle, and religious traditions, which argue that meaning is given externally (by God, society, or nature).

2. The Shift to Existentialism :

Why? With the rise of modern science, secularism, and Nietzsche’s “death of God,” people questioned traditional sources of meaning.

3. Existentialism

Meaning is not given but created by the individual.

• Themes

Freedom & Responsibility

You are free but must take responsibility for your life.

The Absurd

Life has no inherent meaning, yet we seek it (Camus).

Authenticity

Living true to oneself, rather than conforming to external pressures.

Anguish & Anxiety

The weight of total freedom can be overwhelming.

• Nietzsche’s Role :

He rejected fixed moral values and traditional religious meaning.

Encouraged individuals to create their own values and live beyond societal norms.

Thank you !

Flipped Learning : Trends and Movement

 

This Flipped Learning Activity given by Megha ma'am. Of Trends and Movement. 

1. What is Modernism?

Modernism is a broad cultural movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influencing art, literature, architecture, music, and philosophy. It was a response to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the upheavals of World War I, embracing new ideas that broke away from traditional forms and values.

• Characteristics of Modernism.

Modernism is characterized by a radical shift from traditional artistic, literary, and architectural styles, embracing innovation and rejecting past conventions. Here are some key characteristics:

(1) Rejection of Tradition :

- Modernists broke away from classical forms, realism, and conventional storytelling or artistic techniques.

- Traditional religious, social, and moral values were often questioned.

(2) Experimentation and Innovation :

- In literature: Stream-of-consciousness writing, fragmented narratives, and non-linear storytelling (e.g., James Joyce, Virginia Woolf).

- In art: Abstract, surrealist, and cubist styles (e.g., Picasso, Kandinsky, Dalí).

- In music: Atonality, dissonance, and unconventional structures (e.g., Stravinsky, Schoenberg).

(3) Focus on Subjectivity and Individualism :

- Emphasis on personal perspective, inner experiences, and psychological depth.

- Exploration of alienation, existential crises, and self-awareness.

(4) Fragmentation and Disillusionment :

- Works often reflect a sense of chaos, disorder, or brokenness, influenced by World War I and social changes.

- Literature and art depict fragmented realities, with multiple viewpoints and disjointed storytelling.

(5) Interest in Modern Life, Technology, and Urbanization

- Depictions of cities, machines, speed, and industrialization (e.g., Futurism movement).

- Questioning of the impact of modernity on human identity and society.

(6) Play with Form and Language :

- Literature abandoned conventional grammar and punctuation (e.g., e.e. cummings’ poetry).

- Architecture emphasized minimalism, functionality, and rejection of ornamentation (e.g., Bauhaus movement).

(7) Abstract and Symbolic Representation :

- Art and literature moved away from literal representation, using abstract forms and symbolism.

- Dreams, subconscious thoughts, and surreal elements became central themes (e.g., Surrealism).

(8) Sense of Loss and Uncertainty :

- Many modernist works reflect a sense of despair, questioning absolute truths and traditional structures.

- Themes of existentialism and nihilism often appear.

2. Explain 'Stream of Consciousness's.

What is Stream of Consciousness?

Stream of consciousness is a narrative style that tries to capture a character’s thought process in a realistic way. It’s an interior monologue, but it’s also more than that. Because it’s mimicking the non-linear way our brains work, stream-of-consciousness narration includes a lot of free association, looping repetitions, sensory observations, and strange (or even nonexistent) punctuation and syntax—all of which helps us to better understand a character’s psychological state and worldview. It’s meant to feel like you have dipped into the stream of the character’s consciousness—or like you’re a fly on the wall of their mind.

Authors who use this technique are aiming for emotional and psychological truth: they want to show a snapshot of how the brain actually moves from one place to the next. Thought isn’t linear, these authors point out; we don’t really think in logical, well-organized, or even complete sentences.

 "  How to use stream of Consciousness "

Have you ever read a story that felt like you were deep in the brain of the protagonist? Instead of being told the story in order, you feel like you are hearing another person’s thoughts. This is a literary technique called "stream of consciousness."

  • Why Do Writers Use Stream of Consciousness in Literature?

For centuries, the art of storytelling focused on the events of a story. Stories were expected to be linear. The characters’ thoughts and emotions were often not the driving force of a story. When they were, these thoughts and emotions were written like the rest of the narrative: linearly, with proper grammar conventions.

Stream of consciousness writing, on the other hand, takes you on a journey through a character’s mind. It allows for a grittiness that you can’t achieve with an ordered internal monologue. While stream of consciousness might read somewhat more surrealist than traditional storytelling, it’s the most realistic representation of human thought.

3. Absurdism 

What is Absurdism?

Absurdism has influenced various cultural trends and artistic movements, often emerging as a reaction to historical and social events that highlight the chaotic and meaningless nature of existence. Here are some key areas where absurdism has played a role:

4. Surrealism:

Surrealism is an artistic and literary movement that emerged in the early 20th century, aiming to unlock the unconscious mind and explore dreams, fantasies, and irrational juxtapositions. It was officially founded in the 1920s by André Breton, who wrote the Surrealist Manifesto in 1924.

Characteristics of Surrealism:

(1) Dream like imagery:

Surrealist art often features bizarre, illogical, or nightmarish scenes.

(2) Unexpected juxtapositions

Objects or figures are placed in unusual or impossible combinations.

(3) Automatism

A technique where artists let their subconscious guide their work without rational control.

(4) Symbolism

Many surrealist works use personal or universal symbols to convey hidden meanings.

5. Postmodernism :

Postmodernism is a broad intellectual movement that emerged in the mid-to-late 20th century as a reaction against modernism. It is characterized by skepticism toward grand narratives, a focus on subjectivity, and an embrace of paradox, irony, and pastiche. Postmodernism spans art, literature, philosophy, architecture, and cultural theory.

• Postmodernism in Different Fields:

- Art :

Andy Whole (pop art), Jeff Koons (kitsch and consumer culture

- Literature:

Thomas Pynchon (Gravity’s Rainbow), Don DeLillo (White Noise), Jorge Luis Borges (meta-fiction).

-Architecture :

Frank Gehry, Michael Graves, and deconstructivist buildings.

- Philosophy :

Jacques Derrida (deconstruction), Michel Faculty (power and discourse).

- Film & Media :

Blade Runner, Pulp Fiction, and the rise of remix culture.

6. Modernism:

Modernism Definition

Modernism is a literary and artistic movement that began in the late 19th century and departed from previous traditional and classical forms of art and literature. It is a global movement where creatives radically produced new imagery, mediums, and means to best portray modern life. The movement not only was embraced by literature but art, music, architecture and other fields of thinking

The key points of Modernism are:

-Many creatives broke from traditional forms of writing as they did not best reflect the struggles and issues of society.

- Modernism grew out of a critical turning point in nearly every area of civilisation; it is marked by profound shifts in human perception.

- This was a time of increasing internalisation of narration in literature, with aspects such as stream of consciousness, rejection of narrative continuity, and non-linear chronology.

8. Dada Movement:

What Is Dadaism?

Dada was an artistic and literary movement in Europe and the United States that began in the early twentieth century during the cultural and social upheaval following the first World War. Dadaism mocked and antagonized the conventions of art itself, emphasizing the illogical, irrational, and absurd.

Dadaist artists often utilized collage, montage, and assemblage of disparate elements to create their art. These artists often had left-wing political views and created work that questioned every aspect of society and culture.

A Brief History of Dadaism

Beginning with a group of artists working in Zurich, Switzerland, Dadaism quickly became an international movement that spread throughout Europe and the U.S., with centers in Paris, Cologne, Berlin, and New York City. The art, poetry, and performances created by Dadaist artists had a lasting impact on avant-garde art in Europe.

The new ways of thinking and creating promoted by Dadaism influenced Surrealism and countless other conceptual art movements like Fluxus and Pop Art.

3 Characteristics of Dadaism

Dadaism eschewed the classical rules of art and defied conventions, but there are several recognizable characteristics of Dada art.

(1) Made from found objects :

Dada artists often incorporated found objects or images from mass media into their art through collages and readymades. The artist Marcel Duchamp famously created Dadaist readymade sculptures by manipulating found, prefabricated objects in a simple way, then presenting them in a gallery as art. Artist Hannah Hoch is famous for her use of collage. She pioneered photomontage, in which elements of different photos are pasted together to create a new image.

(2) Nonsensical :

Dadaist art often features irrationality, humor, and silliness. Marcel Duchamp famously painted a mustache on a postcard of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa to show his irreverence for established artistic traditions and his sense of humor.

(3) Spontaneous :

Dadaist art was often spontaneous, playing with the elements of chance and encouraging spur-of-the-moment creativity. At Dada shows, poems would be created by cutting words out of a single sheet of newspaper, scattering them on the ground, and then randomly organizing them onto a page.

9. What is Comedy of Menace ?

The Comedy of Menace is a dramatic genre that combines elements of comedy with a sense of unease, tension, or danger. The term was first used by critic David Campton and later popularized by Irving Wardle in reference to the works of Harold Pinter and other playwrights associated with the Theatre of the Absurd and British New Wave drama.

10. Avant Gard Movement 

What does avant-garde mean? What does it mean for a piece of artwork, a book, or a film to be labeled as avant-garde? We’ll be breaking down the term, exploring what constitutes the movement and why it is important. We’ll also take a look at some important examples of avant-garde art, books, and films. But first, let’s get started with a definition.

Exploring the avant-garde

A large part of this movement is pushing boundaries and exploring new ideas. Many commonly expressed ideals of the modern age were at one point considered highly controversial. Therefore, the barometer for avant-garde works is constantly shifting. 

The avant-garde is closely tied to a battle against censorship such as the restrictions imposed by the Hays Code in the early days of Hollywood. And certain things that were once censored may now be freely expressed thanks in no small part to the movement. A contemporary view often skews or reduces the impact of once radical works of art.

One century old piece of avant-garde that remains controversial to this day is Fountain by artist Marcel Duchamp which consists of a prefabricated urinal with only the positioning and the writing on the side stemming from the artist’s contribution. People continue to debate whether or not this piece should be classified as art. The piece is not technically a sculpture, since Duchamp did not make the urinal himself.

Instead, Duchamp called Fountain a “readymade,” a term that would be applied to many subsequent works. Duchamp had a background in dadaism, an entire artistic movement that falls under the avant-garde umbrella.

My Reference:

https://papersowl.com/blog/modernism-in-literature

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english-literature/literary-movements/modernism/

https://prowritingaid.com/stream-of-consciousness

https://www.theartstory.org/amp/movement/expressionism/

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/absurdism

https://www.theartstory.org/amp/movement/surrealism/

https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-postmodernism-definition/

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/modernism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada

https://www.scribd.com/document/367001133/What-is-Comedy-of-Menace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde

Indian Poetics: Summaries & Key Takeaways of Expert Sessions by Prof. Vinod Joshi sir

 This Blogg task given by Dilip Bard sir.As part of Indian poetics for expert Lecture by Vinod Joshi sir.

15, January 

First day vinod Joshi sir start about Language. 

Language is an expression medium. Tell them that Indian poetics a prosess is prosess. & Man has ricived Birth are two things 

1. Vowel ( સ્વર)

2. Movement 

And second is વસ્તુ ને વસ્તુતાર The item has been given an example of a thing. 

એક હબસી સ્ત્રી એ પોતાના બાળક ને પ્રેમ કરે છે. There is no glory of Tia appearance but The woman shouts to her child. The price has been shown.

16, January 

Aesthetics 

Indian aesthetics in poetics have been deeply influenced by classical theories of रस (Rasa) and અલંકાર (Alankara), which focus on evoking emotions and beautifying expression. Gujarati poetry, with its rich literary heritage, reflects these principles through devotional (ભક્તિ), romantic (શૃંગાર), and folk (લોકસાહિત્ય) traditions.

The aesthetics of a branch can be explored through various poetic and philosophical lenses, especially in the context of Indian and Gujarati poetics. A branch is not just a physical entity but a symbol of growth, resilience, and connection to nature.

• Riti (રીતી)

Indian aesthetics, particularly in the Riti tradition of poetry, emphasize grace, refinement, and ornamentation. Riti poetry, flourishing in medieval India, often focused on shringaar ras (the aesthetic of love and beauty) and employed elaborate metaphors, alliteration, and imagery.

In example of riti 

સુંદર્તા અને શૃંગાર:

ચાંદની રાતે, તારા ઝગમગાયા,

તમારી સ્મૃતિઓની રોશની છવાય.

પવનનાં મીઠા ઝોકાં, સોહામણાં સપનાં,

શબ્દોની શૃંગારમય ગૂંઝ એતરાય.

In say Beauty and Romance:

On a moonlit night, stars shimmered,

The glow of your memories spread.

Soft whispers of the breeze, lovely dreams,

The echoes of adorned words linger.

Gujarati language, with its innate musicality, blends well with the ornamental style of Riti poetry. If you're looking for a specific aspect—be it nature, love, or devotion—I can craft a more tailored poetic piece.

Also talk about school of Dhavani.

• Emotion ( ભાવ)

In Indian poetics is deeply rooted in Bhav (ભાવ), which refers to emotions, expressions, and feelings that create aesthetic beauty in poetry. In Gujarati literature, ભાવનાત્મક કાવ્ય (Bhavnaatmak Kaavya) plays a significant role in evoking emotions through words.

Types of Bhav in Indian Poetics

1. શૃંગાર (પ્રેમ અને સૌંદર્ય – Romance & Beauty)

2. વીર (શૌર્ય અને હિંમત – Heroism & Courage)

3. કરુણ (દુઃખ અને સહાનુભૂતિ – Pathos & Compassion)

4. અદભૂત (વિસ્મય અને આશ્ચર્ય – Wonder & Amazement)

5. હાસ્ય (આનંદ અને વિનોદ – Laughter & Joy)

6. શાંત (શાંતિ અને આધ્યાત્મ – Peace & Tranquility)

7. ભયાનક (ડર અને હિબ્કી – Fear & Horror)

8. રૌદ્ર (ક્રોધ અને ઉગ્રતા – Anger & Fury)

9. બીભત્સ (ઘૃણા અને વિકૃતિ – Disgust & Revulsion)

Gujarati poetics beautifully captures Bhav through its soft, rhythmic, and expressive nature.

17, January 

Talk about vibhav, Anubhav & Sanchari.

• vibhav 

In Indian poetics, Vibhav (વિભાવ) is a crucial element of the Rasa theory, which defines how emotions (Bhav) are evoked in poetry and art. Vibhav refers to the stimulus or cause that triggers a particular emotion, making it the foundation of aesthetic experience. It works alongside Anubhav (expressions or reactions) and Vyabhichari Bhav (transient emotions) to create a rich poetic effect.

In Indian poetics and Rasa theory, Aalamban Vibhav (આલંબન વિભાવ) is one of the two key components of Vibhav (વિભાવ)—the cause or stimulus that evokes emotions.

 રીતી નો ભાવ સક્રિય થાય છે.

Aalamban Vibhav refers to the person or object that becomes the main subject of emotion.

In poetry, Aalamban is essential in creating deep emotional resonance by giving the listener or reader a direct point of emotional attachment—be it a lover, a hero, a deity, or even nature.

Example of vibhav:

"તારા હસ્યે ચાંદની ભીંજાઈ,

પવન તારા નામે રણકાર કરે."

• અનુભાવ (Reaction)

In Rasa theory, Anubhav (અનુભાવ) refers to the visible expressions or reactions that emerge due to an emotion (Bhav) triggered by Vibhav (વિભાવ). It is how emotions manifest in a character or situation—through facial expressions, body language, speech, or actions.

Vibhav (Cause of Emotion) → Anubhav (Expression of Emotion) → Rasa (Aesthetic Experience)

For example, if Aalamban Vibhav (a lover) is present and Uddipan Vibhav (moonlit night) enhances the emotion, then Anubhav could be the blushing of cheeks, trembling lips, or a deep sigh.

• સંચારિભાવ 

In Rasa theory, Sanchari Bhav (સંચારી ભાવ) refers to transient or fleeting emotions that arise temporarily in a person due to the main, predominant Sthayi Bhav (Permanent Emotion). These emotions come and go and are often subtle expressions that further enhance the depth of the central emotion. Sanchari Bhav supports and intensifies the primary emotion in a poem, play, or work of art.

Sanchari Bhav are temporary emotional fluctuations (like a sigh, a sudden smile, or a brief moment of surprise).

Sanchari Bhav enriches the aesthetic experience by adding complexity and depth to the emotional journey.

18, January 

In talk about Bhattlollat, shri shankuk, Bhatt nayak, Abhinav Gupt. Four talk about rasa .

It seems like you are referring to "Shreshtha Sankuk" (श्रेष्ठ शङ्कु) in the context of Rasa Theory, which is a term from Sanskrit poetics or Indian classical literature. However, the phrase you mentioned could be a variation or an attempt to refer to an important concept, possibly "Shreshtha Sankuch" (श्रेष्ठ संकुच), which might be linked to a specific term or description.

• પ્રતીતિ:

In Indian poetics, Pratiti refers to the concept of perception or the process by which one apprehends and recognizes reality, which plays a central role in the way poetry and other art forms are understood in Indian philosophy and aesthetics. Derived from Sanskrit, the term pratiti can be translated as "perception," "cognition," or "recognition." It is often used to describe the way in which a person recognizes or understands the world around them, particularly in the context of aesthetic experiences.

The term is often associated with classical Indian theories of aesthetics, particularly those explored by scholars in the fields of Rasa (emotional essence) and Bhava (the emotional state or sentiment in the work). It represents a state in which the emotional impact of a work is neither excessive nor lacking, but is instead perfectly attuned to the overall context, allowing the audience to fully appreciate the beauty and meaning of the art form.

This idea ties into the broader Indian aesthetic tradition, which places importance on the idea that the enjoyment of poetry and art should be in perfect balance to create a sublime experience. The term thus embodies the essence of poetic justice and aesthetic harmony in Indian poetics.

• l pratiti:

Mithya Pratiti (मिथ्याप्रतीति) in Indian poetics refers to a false or illusory perception. It is derived from the Sanskrit term mithya, meaning false, and pratiti, meaning perception or recognition. In the context of aesthetics and literature, Mithya Pratiti represents a misunderstanding or distorted experience of a work of art, where the viewer or reader fails to grasp the true essence or intention behind the artistic expression.

In classical Indian aesthetic theory, particularly within the framework of Rasa (emotional flavor) and Bhava (emotional states), Mithya Pratiti suggests that the audience might misinterpret or experience a work in a way that deviates from the intended emotional impact or meaning. This can happen when the audience's perception is clouded by personal biases, superficial understanding, or a lack of deeper insight into the work.

• Sanshay pratiti:

Shanshay Pratiti (शङ्काप्रतीति) in Indian poetics refers to a perception or experience that is marked by doubt or uncertainty. The term is derived from Shanshay (शङ्का), meaning doubt or suspicion, and Pratiti (प्रतीति), meaning perception or belief.

• Sadrushy pratiti :

Sadrushy Pratiti (सदृश्यप्रतीति) in Indian poetics refers to a perception based on similarity or likeness. The term is derived from Sadrushya (सदृश्य), meaning similarity or likeness, and Pratiti (प्रतीति), meaning perception or recognition. In this context, Sadrushy Pratiti indicates the experience or understanding of a work of art in which the viewer or reader perceives a resemblance or similarity between the artistic form and some other known entity, concept, or experience.

21, January 

Talk about Dhavani.

concept of Dhvani (ધ્વનિ) holds significant importance, much like in other Indian literary traditions. It refers to the idea of suggestion or implied meaning, where words and phrases in a poem or prose evoke emotions, ideas, or images beyond their direct, literal meanings. This concept was introduced by the Sanskrit scholar Ananda Vardhana in his work Dhvanyaloka, and it has influenced Gujarati literature, particularly in poetry.

ભાવ > રસ.                                                         

Three parts of Dhavani:

1) વસ્તુ ધ્વની

2) અલંકાર ધ્વની 

3) રસ ધ્વની 

1. વસ્તુ ધ્વની 

Dhvani also helps in suggesting the broader theme of a poem. A simple mention of nature, such as the blooming of flowers, might suggest the theme of life, renewal, or hope. In Gujarati poetry, this method enriches the text, enabling readers to interpret themes on a deeper, emotional level.

2. રસ ધ્વની 

In Gujarati poetry, Dhvani is often used to suggest emotions (rasa) like love (શૃંગાર), sorrow (કRb), heroism (વિર), or compassion (દયા), without explicitly naming them. The reader or listener feels these emotions through the indirect expressions used in the poem. For example, a reference to the beauty of a rainy night might suggest longing or separation without directly mentioning it.

25, January 

In talk about vakroti 

Six parts of Vakroti:

1) varnvinyas vakrata

2) padpradh vakrata

3) valu vakrata

4) prakran vakrata

5) vanky vakrata

6) prabandh vakrata

27, January 

In talk about Alankar.

Ornaments originated: Bhamaha did. This ornament is called poetry ornament.

In Indian poetics, Alankar Shastra (अलंकार शास्त्र) refers to the "science of ornaments" or the study of figures of speech and literary devices used to beautify poetry and prose. The term Alankar (अलंकार) means "ornament" or "figure of speech," and Shastra (शास्त्र) means "science" or "treatise." Alankar Shastra is thus the systematic study of various stylistic devices and techniques that enhance the aesthetic appeal, emotional depth, and intellectual impact of a literary work.

28, January 

In 

• Riti sampraday

• Riti Auchitya 

• Riti Ramayata

Riti sathe identity jodayele chhe

Riti conect with identity 

Kalidas vidarbha shaile

Conclusion:

Indian poetics, or *Alankara Shastra*, is the study of aesthetic principles, literary techniques, and poetic devices used in Indian literature. It emphasizes the idea of *Rasa* (emotion) as the core experience of poetry, where the ultimate goal is to evoke specific emotions in the reader or audience. Key concepts include *Dhvani* (suggestion), *Vakrokti* (twist in expression), *Pratibha* (creative insight), and *Sphoṭa* (the moment of revelation). The tradition highlights the importance of harmony between form and content, where language serves as a vehicle to express universal truths and emotions.

Virginia Woolf's Orlando A Biography

 This Blogg task given by Prakruti ma'am. Virginia Woolf's Orlando A Biography. 

1.Woolf about Orlando who finds switching between genders doubly fulfilling:

Virginia Woolf's novel "Orlando: A Biography" is a pioneering exploration of gender fluidity and its impact on identity and fulfillment. Orlando, who changes genders from male to female over the course of centuries, represents the fluid and multifaceted nature of human identity. By experiencing life as both genders, Orlando gains a richer and more comprehensive understanding of the world and their own self.

Woolf suggests that gender is not a fixed attribute but a spectrum that can be navigated and experienced in different ways. This idea challenges traditional notions of gender and opens up the possibility for a more inclusive and expansive view of human identity. The fulfillment Orlando finds in switching between genders highlights the limitations of rigid gender roles and the potential for personal growth and self-discovery when these boundaries are transcended.

In this way, Woolf's portrayal of Orlando can be seen as a celebration of diversity and the freedom to explore and express one's true self without being confined by societal expectations. It's a powerful and thought-provoking commentary on the nature of identity and the possibilities of living a more authentic and fulfilling life.

2. She had, it seems no difficulty in sustaining the different parts, for her sex changed far more frequently than those who have worn only one set of clothing can conceive.

Virginia Woolf's exploration of gender fluidity in "Orlando" is truly fascinating. The line you mentioned emphasizes Orlando's seamless transition between genders and how this fluidity grants Orlando a unique perspective on life. By experiencing both male and female identities, Orlando challenges the traditional, rigid conceptions of gender roles. Woolf highlights how such fluidity can enrich one's understanding of self and the world.

Orlando's frequent changes in gender illustrate that identity is not confined by physical appearance or societal norms. This portrayal allows Woolf to delve into the complexities of human identity, showing that it is a dynamic and multifaceted aspect of existence. Through Orlando's journey, Woolf encourages readers to question and expand their views on gender, identity, and the freedom to express one's true self without constraint.

3. nor can there be any doubt that she reaped a twofold harvest by this device; the pleasures of life were increased and its experiences multiplied."

This line beautifully captures the essence of Virginia Woolf's exploration of gender fluidity in "Orlando." By living life as both a man and a woman, Orlando gains a richer and more varied set of experiences. Woolf suggests that this duality allows Orlando to enjoy the unique pleasures and perspectives that each gender offers, thereby enhancing the overall fulfillment and understanding of life.

The "twofold harvest" Woolf mentions reflects the idea that embracing the full spectrum of gender identity can lead to a more comprehensive and enriched existence. Orlando's journey demonstrates that by breaking free from the constraints of traditional gender roles, one can access a wider array of experiences and insights, ultimately leading to a more profound and satisfying life.

Woolf's portrayal of Orlando challenges the conventional boundaries of gender and identity, encouraging readers to consider the possibilities of living beyond societal expectations and embracing their true selves. It's a powerful reminder of the importance of diversity and the freedom to explore and express one's identity in all its complexity.

• Conclusion:

Virginia Woolf's "Orlando" explores gender fluidity, showing how experiencing both male and female identities enriches one's understanding of life. By breaking traditional gender roles, Orlando gains diverse experiences and a more fulfilling existence. The novel celebrates the freedom to explore and express one's true self, highlighting the value of diversity and authenticity in human identity.

My Reference:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/24906451

Archetypla Criticism

 This Blogg task given by Dilip Bard sir.Archetypla Criticism reading of the Weast Land .

1. What is Archetypal Criticism?

Archetypal Criticism is a type of literary analysis that interprets texts by focusing on recurring myths, symbols, and archetypes that appear across different cultures and time periods. This approach is rooted in the work of Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist who proposed the concept of the collective unconscious—a part of the unconscious mind shared by all humans, containing universal experiences and memories.

Key concepts in Archetypal Criticism include:

1. Archetypes: These are universal symbols or motifs that recur in myths, stories, and dreams. Common archetypes include the Hero, the Mentor, the Shadow, the Mother, and the Trickster. These figures represent fundamental human experiences and emotions.

2. Collective Unconscious: Jung's idea that all humans share a reservoir of experiences and memories, which manifest in archetypes. This shared unconscious influences our behavior and perceptions.

3. Mythological Patterns: Archetypal critics often look for patterns and themes that resemble ancient myths. For example, the journey of the hero (the Hero's Journey) is a common pattern found in many stories, from ancient epics to modern novels.

4. Symbolism: Archetypal Criticism pays close attention to symbols that have deep, universal meanings. For instance, water often symbolizes life and purification, while a desert might represent desolation or spiritual barrenness.

Prominent figures in Archetypal Criticism include Northrop Frye, who expanded on Jung's ideas and applied them to literature. Frye's work, particularly in "Anatomy of Criticism," outlines a systematic approach to understanding literature through archetypes and myths.

In practice, Archetypal Criticism involves identifying these universal elements in a text and exploring how they contribute to the work's meaning and impact. This approach can reveal deeper layers of significance and connect individual works to broader human experiences.

2. What do archetypal critics do?

Archetypal critics analyze literature by identifying and interpreting recurring archetypes, symbols, and mythological patterns that appear across different cultures and time periods. Their work involves several key activities:

1. Identifying Archetypes: They look for universal symbols and characters such as the Hero, the Mentor, the Shadow, the Mother, and the Trickster. These archetypes represent fundamental human experiences and emotions.

2. Exploring Mythological Patterns: Archetypal critics examine the structure and themes of literary works to find patterns that resemble ancient myths. For example, they might analyze a story to see if it follows the Hero's Journey, a common narrative pattern involving a hero who goes on an adventure, faces challenges, and returns transformed.

3. Analyzing Symbolism: They pay close attention to symbols that have deep, universal meanings. For instance, they might explore how elements like water, fire, or specific colors are used in a text to convey broader themes.

4. Connecting to the Collective Unconscious: Drawing on Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious, archetypal critics interpret how literary works tap into shared human experiences and memories. They explore how these universal elements resonate with readers on a deep, often subconscious level.

5. Comparative Analysis: They compare different texts to uncover common archetypal elements and themes. This can involve looking at works from various cultures and historical periods to find shared motifs and narratives.

6. Interpreting Meaning: By identifying and analyzing archetypes and mythological patterns, archetypal critics provide insights into the deeper meanings and significance of literary works. They explore how these universal elements contribute to the text's impact and relevance.

Prominent archetypal critics, such as Northrop Frye, have developed frameworks and theories to systematize this approach. Frye's "Anatomy of Criticism," for example, outlines a comprehensive method for understanding literature through archetypes and myths.

In summary, archetypal critics delve into the universal aspects of literature, uncovering the deep, shared human experiences that make stories resonate across time and culture. Their work enriches our understanding of literary texts by connecting them to the broader tapestry of human mythology and symbolism.

3. Exemplify how archetypal criticism is done?

Certainly! Let's go through an example of how archetypal criticism might be applied to a well-known literary work: **"The Odyssey" by Homer**.

 Step-by-Step Archetypal Analysis of "The Odyssey"

1. Identifying Archetypes:

   - The Hero (Odysseus): Odysseus is the quintessential hero archetype. He embarks on a long journey, faces numerous trials, and ultimately returns home transformed.

   - The Mentor (Athena): Athena guides and protects Odysseus, providing wisdom and assistance. This is a classic mentor archetype.

   -The Shadow (Poseidon): Poseidon represents the antagonist who creates obstacles for the hero. The shadow archetype embodies the challenges and adversities the hero must overcome.

   - The Threshold Guardians (Sirens, Cyclops): These characters and creatures test the hero's resolve and abilities, serving as guardians to the next stage of the journey.

   - The Mother (Penelope): Penelope represents the nurturing and faithful figure, embodying the mother archetype. Her loyalty and patience are central to the narrative.

2. Exploring Mythological Patterns:

   - The Hero's Journey: "The Odyssey" follows the Hero's Journey pattern, which includes stages such as the Call to Adventure (Odysseus leaving for Troy), Trials and Tribulations (various adventures and challenges), and the Return Home (coming back to Ithaca).

   - The Quest: The entire epic is a quest for Odysseus to return home, a common mythological pattern that symbolizes the search for identity and belonging.

3. Analyzing Symbolism:

   - The Sea: The sea symbolizes the unknown and the challenges of life. It is both a literal and metaphorical space where Odysseus faces his trials.

   - Home (Ithaca): Ithaca represents the ideal of home and stability, a place of ultimate return and peace.

   - The Bow: The bow that only Odysseus can string symbolizes his unique identity and rightful place as the king of Ithaca.

4. Connecting to the Collective Unconscious:

   - Universal Themes: The themes of struggle, perseverance, and the desire to return home resonate with the collective unconscious. These are universal human experiences that transcend time and culture.

   - Archetypal Characters: The characters in "The Odyssey" embody universal roles and traits that are recognizable and relatable across different societies.

5. Comparative Analysis:

   - Cross-Cultural Myths: Comparing "The Odyssey" to other epic journeys, such as the Mesopotamian "Epic of Gilgamesh" or the Indian "Ramayana," reveals common archetypal elements like the hero's journey, the presence of divine intervention, and the ultimate return home.

   - Literary Influence: Analyzing how "The Odyssey" has influenced later literature, such as James Joyce's "Ulysses," which reimagines the epic in a modern context, shows the enduring power of these archetypes.

6. Interpreting Meaning:

   - Personal Transformation: Through his journey, Odysseus undergoes significant personal growth, symbolizing the transformative power of trials and the importance of resilience.

   - Cultural Values: The epic reflects the values of ancient Greek society, such as hospitality (xenia), loyalty, and the favor of the gods.

 Conclusion:

By applying archetypal criticism to "The Odyssey," we uncover the deep, universal elements that make the epic resonate with readers across centuries. The archetypes, mythological patterns, and symbols provide a framework for understanding the text's enduring significance and its connection to the collective human experience. This approach enriches our appreciation of the narrative by highlighting its timeless and universal themes.

My Reference:

https://www.deepseek.com/

The Great Gatsby

 This Thinking Activity given by Dilip Bard sir. The Great Gatsby.

Stories Behind Classic Book Covers: The Great Gatsby

Cugat’s iconic painting of a disembodied face floating above the lights of New York is perhaps the most famous and celebrated book cover in all of American literature. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s publisher, Maxwell Perkins, seemed to understand the significance of the image even before the novel was published, declaring it “a masterpiece for this book” in a letter to Fitzgerald. However, despite all of this, relatively little is known about Cugat himself – The Great Gatsby was the only book cover he ever painted, and no one is quite sure how he came to the attention of Fitzgerald’s publisher – and the origins of the “Celestial Eyes” image remain uncertain too. Readers may recognize the image in the figure of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, a monstrous advertising billboard which consists of two eyes peering out of a pair glasses “which pass over a nonexistent nose”, or in Fitzgerald’s description of Daisy as the “girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs”. However, it is quite possible that, rather than Cugat being inspired by Fitzgerald’s imagery, the reverse is true, as Fitzgerald stated that he had “written it [the cover] into the book”.

Observing Cugat’s preliminary drafts for the cover only strengthens this hypothesis, as we can clearly see that his early sketches depict the disembodied face over a desert-like wasteland, similar to T. J. Eckleburg’s home. Cugat was working from one Fitzgerald’s early titles at the time, Among the Ash Heaps and Millionaires, suggesting something of a collaborative process between cover artist and author: perhaps Fitzgerald inspired Cugat with his landscape image, and Cugat in turn inspired Fitzgerald with the “Celestial Eyes”. This possibility is reinforced in Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast, when he recalls seeing the cover for the first time. Although Hemingway describes it as “garish”, he also reveals Fitzgerald’s explanation that “it had to do with a billboard along a highway”. The fact that Cugat’s final cover clearly does not depict T. J. Eckleburg, yet Fitzgerald still points to a thematic linkage, once again implies that Cugat provided the seed of inspiration for the Eckleburg figure. As well as possibly providing imagery for the book, Cugat’s cover also mirrors Fitzgerald’s own

themes, thereby acting almost as a kind of pictorial prologue. For example, Cugat includes the famous green light in his painting, but its positioning and shape are reminiscent of a falling tear, foregrounding the exposure Gatsby’s of misplaced idealism. Likewise, Cugat subtly hides a pair of nudes in the gigantic eyes, perhaps reflecting Gatsby’s objectification of Daisy or her own awareness of Tom’s affair.

Although it may never be known how much Fitzgerald took from Cugat’s imagery, the painting remains a masterpiece in its own right. It provides a fine illustration of the fact that not only is all art necessarily created collaboratively, as creators learn from and draw from one another, but also that different art forms can interact with one another and color our interpretations in deeply meaningful ways. -Christian Kriticos Sources The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway “Celestial Eyes: From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece” by Charles Scribner III.

2. Reflections of jay gatsby, the invisible psychoanalytical hero: an exploration of freudian psychoanalysis in fitzgerald’s the great gatsby

Life doesn’t go as we always wish so, there are twists and turns, ups and downs that are inevitable. Literature isn’t just books or poems; it’s a multidisciplinary venture with the essence of life, values and emotions. It has the potential to shape personalities, change the way we perceive and understand the world in a better way. As we are navigating across an unprecedented Covid Pandemic situation, it’s a unique experience that tells the importance of being optimistic, hygienic, determinant and concerned of others. Likewise, Gatsby’s life helps to seek golden reminders for living an accountable, peaceful and valuable life instead of running away madly behind worldly pleasures. One of the profound psychological theories of the modern world, Psychoanalysis holds a pride of place among contemporary psychological studies. This research paper aims to bring out the Psychoanalytical elements embedded in F Scott Fitzgerald’s magnum opus, The Great Gatsby. The present research navigates into the representation of the novel’s characters, especially Jay Gatsby as the ‘psychoanalytical hero’ using the research methodology of Freud’s psychoanalysis. In the present turbulent society where people fail to understand the value of relationships, Jay Gatsby’s character becomes more relevant.

3. How Faithful Is The Great Gatsby?

Ever since Baz Luhrmann announced that he was adapting F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby­—and especially after he revealed that he’d be doing it in 3-D—much digital ink has been spilled about the hideous sacrilege that was sure to follow. Nevermind that Luhrmann’s previous adaptation, William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet, was quite true to both the language and the spirit of that legendary play; Gatsby, as David Denby puts it in The New Yorker this week, is “too intricate, too subtle, too tender for the movies,” and especially for such an unsubtle filmmaker as Luhrmann.

So the argument goes, anyway. In fact, Fitzgerald’s novel, while great, is not, for the most part, terribly subtle. And though it has moments of real tenderness, it also has melodrama, murder, adultery, and, of course, wild parties. In any case, we can put aside, for the moment, the larger question of whether Luhrmann captured the spirit of Gatsby, which is very much open for debate. There’s a simpler question to address first: How faithful was the filmmaker to the letter of Fitzgerald’s book?

The Frame Story:

Luhrmann’s chief departure from the novel arrives right at the beginning, with a frame story in which the narrator Nick Carraway (Tobey Maguire), some time after that summer spent with Gatsby & co., has checked into a sanitarium, diagnosed by a doctor of some sort as “morbidly alcoholic.” Fitzgerald’s Nick does refer to Gatsby as “the man who gives his name to this book” (emphasis mine), so the idea that The Great Gatsby is a text written by Nick is not entirely original with Luhrmann—though the filmmaker takes this much further than Fitzgerald, showing Nick writing by hand, then typing, and finally compiling his finished manuscript. He even titles it, first just Gatsby, then adding, by hand, “The Great,” in a concluding flourish. (Fitzgerald himself went through many more potential titles.) As for that morbid alcoholism, Nick claims in the novel that he’s “been drunk just twice in my life,” but the movie slyly implies that he’s in denial, by showing him cross out “once” for “twice,” and then, in the frame story, suggesting that it was far more than that, really.

Jordan and Nick :

The plot of the film is pretty much entirely faithful to the novel, but Luhrmann and his co-screenwriter Craig Pearce do cut out one of the side stories: the affair between Nick and Jordan Baker, the friend of Daisy’s from Louisville who is a well-known golfer. Daisy promises to set them up, to push them “accidentally in linen closets and … out to sea in a boat,” a line the screenplay keeps—but then, in the film, the matter is dropped. Luhrmann’s Nick says he found Jordan “frightening” at first, a word Carraway doesn’t apply to her in the novel—and later at Gatsby’s we see Jordan whisked away from Nick by a male companion, which doesn’t happen in the book. In the novel, they become a couple and break up near the end of the summer.

The Apartment Party :

The film, like the novel, is a series of set pieces, including an impromptu party that Tom throws in a Manhattan apartment he keeps for his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, wife of a Queens mechanic. Nick accompanies them, and the film shows Nick sitting quietly in the apartment’s living room while the adulterous couple have loud sex in the bedroom. Fitzgerald doesn’t spell out anything so explicit—but something like that is implied: Tom and Myrtle disappear and reappear before the other guests arrive; Nick reads a book and waits. Luhrmann also shows Myrtle’s sister Catherine giving Nick a pill that she says she got from a doctor in Queens; that’s not in the novel at all. Luhrmann’s Nick wakes up at home, half-dressed, unsure how he got there, while Fitzgerald’s narrator comes to in an apartment downstairs from Tom and Myrtle’s place, owned by one of their friends (and party-guests); he then goes to Penn Station to take the 4 o’clock train home.

Lunch With Wolfsheim :

In the book, Gatsby takes Nick to lunch at a “well-fanned 42nd Street cellar,” where he introduces his new friend to Meyer Wolfsheim, a Jewish gangster. In the movie, Gatsby and Nick go to a barber shop with a hidden entrance to a speakeasy, and once inside they see not only Wolfsheim but also the police commissioner—who, in the book as in the film, Gatsby was “able to do … a favor once.” They also see there (if I understood things correctly) Nick’s boss, whom I believe Luhrmann has turned into Tom’s friend Walter Chase. (In the novel, those are two different people, neither of whom we ever actually meet.) The speakeasy features entertainment from a bevy of Josephine Baker-like dancers, who are not mentioned in the book.

Race :

At least one reviewer—David Denby again—has protested Luhmann’s decision to cast an Indian actor, Amitabh Bachchan, as Wolfsheim, a character based on notorious Jewish gangster Arnold Rothstein. But faithfulness in this case probably would have meant anti-Semitism, since it is very hard to defend Fitzgerald’s characterization of the “small, flat-nosed Jew” with a “large head” and “two fine growths of hair which luxuriated in either nostril.” Casting Bachchan preserves the character’s otherness while complicating the rather gruesome stereotype Fitzgerald employed. Luhrmann appears to have given some thought to this, given that he faithfully keeps key passages from the novel about race: Tom’s trumpeting of a racist book called Rise of the Colored Empires (which had a real-world inspiration), Nick’s glimpse of apparently wealthy black men and women being driven into Manhattan by a white chauffeur, and Tom’s later diatribe about “intermarriage between black and white.”

l Finnish Woman and Ella Kaye :

Did you know that Nick Carraway had a maid? This is easy to forget, since Nick seems generally financially a bit strapped, certainly in comparison to his rich neighbors. But in the novel he employs “a Finnish woman who made my bed and cooked breakfast and muttered Finnish wisdom to herself over the electric stove.” She makes a few appearances in the book but is understandably cut from the movie. So is Ella Kaye, the seemingly conniving woman who manages to snag the inheritance of Dan Cody, the rich, drunken yachtsman who first prompts Gatsby on his road to wealth and artifice. In the movie, Cody’s wealth goes to his family.

Gatsby’s Death and Funeral :

Near the end of the book, Gatsby is murdered by George Wilson, the mechanic husband of Tom’s mistress, who has gotten it into his head that Gatsby killed her—and that, what’s more, he might have been the one she was sleeping with on the side. Fitzgerald doesn’t depict the murder: The book says that Gatsby grabbed a “pneumatic mattress” (i.e., a floater) and headed to his pool, then Gatsby’s chauffeur hears gun shots. Luhrmann ditches the pneumatic mattress and adds his own dramatic flourish. In both book and movie, Gatsby is waiting for a phone call from Daisy, but in the film, Nick calls, and Gatsby gets out of the pool when he hears the phone ring. He’s then shot, and he dies believing that Daisy was going to ditch Tom and go way with him. None of that happens in the book.

Gatsby is, in both versions, lonely in death, but the film is even crueler to him in this regard, dropping the last-minute appearance of his father and the unexpected arrival at the funeral of a man who Nick previously met in Gatsby’s study. This is the same man who famously points out that Gatsby has real books, but hasn’t cut the pages. We meet him in the movie in that study, but he makes no mention of the books, and his subsequent appearance is dropped entirely.

4.symbolic significance of 'Green Light' and 'Billboard of The Eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckelberg'

In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the Green Light symbolizes Gatsby's hopes and dreams, particularly his longing for Daisy and the idealized future he envisions with her. It represents the American Dream—its allure, but also its unattainability and illusionary nature.

The Billboard of the Eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg serves as a haunting symbol of moral and social decay. The faded, godlike eyes watching over the desolate valley of ashes suggest the absence of true moral authority in a world driven by wealth and corruption. Some characters, like George Wilson, interpret the eyes as a form of divine judgment.

5.theme of 'The American Dream' and 'Class Conflict' in the novel.

In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the themes of The American Dream and Class Conflict are central to the novel's exploration of wealth, ambition, and social divisions.

The American Dream

The novel critiques the idea of the American Dream, showing how it has been corrupted by materialism and social status. Gatsby’s rise from poverty to wealth symbolizes the traditional dream of success through hard work. However, his ultimate failure—fueled by his obsession with Daisy—reveals the dream’s hollowness, as wealth alone cannot buy love or acceptance into the upper class.

Class Conflict

Fitzgerald highlights the rigid social divisions between the old money elite (Tom and Daisy Buchanan), the new money class (Gatsby), and the struggling lower class (George and Myrtle Wilson). The novel illustrates how wealth does not guarantee social mobility or respect, as Gatsby, despite his fortune, is never fully accepted by the aristocracy. Meanwhile, the working class remains trapped in hardship, reinforcing the inequality between the rich and the poor.

Together, these themes expose the illusion of the American Dream and the enduring power of class distinctions in 1920s America.

My Reference:

https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1596&context=honors

https://blog.prepscholar.com/jay-gatsby-great-gatsby-character-analysis-quotes

https://www.erpublications.com/uploaded_files/download/beatriz-moresca-de-lacerda_fjaPp.pdf

https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=etd

Thank you....